Wallace & Gromit's Grand Adventures Steam Key

Scottish knight and leading figure in the Starting time War of Scottish Independence

Sir William Wallace
Portrait from c.  late 17th–18th century
Guardian of the Kingdom of Scotland (Second Interregnum)
In office 1297–1298
Preceded by	John Balliol (as King of the Scots)
Succeeded by	Robert the Bruce John Comyn
Personal details
Born	c.  1270 [one] Elderslie, Renfrewshire, Kingdom of Scotland
Died	23 August 1305 (anile c. 35) Smithfield, London, Kingdom of England
Cause of death	Hanged, fatigued and quartered
Resting place	London, England, in an unmarked grave
Nationality	Scottish
Spouse(s)	Marion Braidfute[2] (supposed)
Children	None recorded
Parent(s)	Alan Wallace (male parent)
Occupation	Armed forces leader
Military machine service
Allegiance	Kingdom of Scotland
Years of service	1297–1305
Rank	Commander
Battles/wars	First War of Scottish Independence: Action at Lanark Raid on Scone Battle of Stirling Bridge Battle of Falkirk Battle of Happrew

Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas, pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys ;^[three] c.  1270 – 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence.^[iv]

Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English ground forces at the Boxing of Stirling Bridge in September 1297. He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298. In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for loftier treason and crimes against English civilians.

Since his death, Wallace has obtained an iconic status far beyond his homeland. He is the protagonist of Blind Harry's 15th-century epic verse form The Wallace and the subject of literary works by Jane Porter and Sir Walter Scott, and of the University Accolade-winning motion-picture show Braveheart.

Background

Personal seal of Sir William Wallace, found on a alphabetic character written on 11 October 1297, to the mayor of Lübeck, Germany.

William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, only little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage. Blind Harry's late-15th-century poem gives his father as Sir Malcolm of Elderslie; still, William'south own seal, found on a letter of the alphabet sent to the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297,^[5] gives his father'south proper noun as Alan Wallace.^{[6] [7]} This Alan Wallace may be the same equally the one listed in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire, but there is no additional confirmation.^[eight] Bullheaded Harry'southward exclamation that William was the son of Sir Malcolm of Elderslie has given rise to a tradition that William's birthplace was at Elderslie in Renfrewshire, and this is still the view of some historians,^[9] including the historical William Wallace Society itself.^[ten] However, William'due south seal has given rising to a counterclaim of Ellerslie in Ayrshire. There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family.^[11] Records show early members of the family equally belongings estates at Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian.^[12] They were vassals of James Stewart, fifth High Steward of Scotland every bit their lands fell within his territory. Wallace'due south brothers Malcolm and John are known from other sources.^[xiii]

The origins of the Wallace surname and its association with southwest Scotland are too far from certain, other than the name's being derived from the One-time English language wylisc (pronounced "wullish"), meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman".^[fourteen] It is possible that all the Wallaces in the Clyde expanse were medieval immigrants from Wales, but as the term was also used for the Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde kingdom of the Celtic Britons, it seems every bit likely that the surname refers to people who were seen as beingness "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language.^{[15] [16]}

Military career

Political crisis in Scotland

Statue of Wallace at Edinburgh Castle

When Wallace was growing upwards, King Alexander 3 ruled Scotland. His reign had seen a menstruum of peace and economic stability. On 19 March 1286, however, Alexander died afterwards falling from his horse.^{[17] [18]} The heir to the throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway. As she was still a child and in Norway, the Scottish lords set up a government of guardians. Margaret fell ill on the voyage to Scotland and died in Orkney in belatedly September 1290.^[19] The lack of a articulate heir led to a menses known every bit the "Great Cause", with a total of 13 contenders laying claim to the throne. The most credible claims were John Balliol and Robert Bruce, granddad of the hereafter king Robert the Bruce.^[20]

With Scotland threatening to descend into civil war, King Edward I of England was invited in by the Scottish nobility to intervene. Before the process could begin, he insisted that all of the contenders recognise him equally Lord Paramount of Scotland. In early on November 1292, at a swell feudal court held in the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, judgment was given in favour of John Balliol having the strongest merits in law based on being senior in genealogical primogeniture even though not in proximity of claret.^[21]

Edward proceeded to take steps to progressively undermine John'southward potency, treating Scotland every bit a feudal vassal state, enervating homage be paid towards himself and military back up in his war against France — even summoning King John Balliol to stand up before the English court as a common plaintiff. The Scots soon tired of their securely compromised king, and the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his easily by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice, a new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July 1295. They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual aid with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance.^[22]

In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, storming Berwick-upon-Tweed and commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296.^[23] Edward forced John to abdicate, which he did at Stracathro near Montrose on ten July 1296.^[24] Here the artillery of Scotland were formally torn from John'due south surcoat, giving him the abiding proper noun of "Toom Tabard" (empty glaze). By July, Edward had instructed his officers to receive formal homage from some 1,800 Scottish nobles (many of the rest existence prisoners of war at that time).^[25]

Silent years prior to the Wars of Independence

Some historians^{[ who? ]} believe Wallace must have had some earlier military feel in order to lead a successful military campaign in 1297. Campaigns like Edward I of England's wars in Wales might have provided a adept opportunity for a younger son of a landholder to go a mercenary soldier.^{[26] [ page needed ]} Wallace'southward personal seal bears the archer'south insignia,^[27] so he may take fought as an archer in Edward's army.

Walter Bower states that Wallace was "a tall man with the body of a giant ... with lengthy flanks ... broad in the hips, with strong arms and legs ... with all his limbs very potent and firm".^[28] Bullheaded Harry's Wallace reaches seven feet.^[29]

Kickoff of the insurgence

Wallace statue past D. W. Stevenson on the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh

The first act definitely known to have been carried out by Wallace was his killing of William de Heselrig, the English Loftier Sheriff of Lanark, in May 1297. He then joined with William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas, and they carried out the raid of Scone. This was 1 of several rebellions taking place beyond Scotland, including those of several Scottish nobles and Andrew Moray in the north.^[30]

The insurgence suffered a accident when the nobles submitted to the English at Irvine in July. Wallace and Moray were not involved, and continued their rebellions. Wallace used the Ettrick Forest as a base for raiding, and attacked Wishart'due south palace at Ancrum. Wallace and Moray met and joined their forces, possibly at the siege of Dundee in early September.^[31]

Boxing of Stirling Bridge

The later Stirling Bridge

On 11 September 1297, an army jointly led by Wallace and Andrew Moray won the Boxing of Stirling Bridge. Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish ground forces routed the English language army. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey'southward feudal regular army of three,000 cavalry and viii,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river. The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as iii men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed so killed the English as speedily equally they could cross.^[32] The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry. The Scots' schiltron formations forced the infantry dorsum into the advancing cavalry. A pivotal charge, led by ane of Wallace's captains, acquired some of the English language soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed and many English soldiers drowned. Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the conviction of their regular army. Hugh de Cressingham, Edward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it is reputed that his body was later on flayed and the skin cut into pocket-size pieces as tokens of the victory. The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had "a wide strip [of Cressingham's skin] ... taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword".^{[33] [34]}

Subsequently the battle, Moray and Wallace causeless the championship of Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland on behalf of King John Balliol. Moray died of wounds suffered on the battlefield sometime in late 1297.^[34]

Around November 1297, Wallace led a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland.^[35]

In a ceremony, at the 'Kirk o' the Woods' (Selkirk), towards the end of the year, Wallace was knighted.^[36] This would have been carried out by one of 3 Scottish earls—Carrick, Strathearn or Lennox.^{[37] [38] [39] [ folio needed ]}

Battle of Falkirk

In April 1298, Edward ordered a 2nd invasion of Scotland. Two days prior to the battle 25,781 foot soldiers were paid. More than half of them would have been Welsh. There are no clear cutting sources for the presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly 1500 equus caballus under his command.^[40] They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but failed to bring William Wallace to combat; the Scots shadowed the English language regular army, intending to avoid battle until shortages of supplies and money forced Edward to withdraw, at which point the Scots would harass his retreat. The English quartermasters' failure to prepare for the expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting anarchism within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry. In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to appoint them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for.^{[41] [42]}

Wallace arranged his spearmen in iv schiltrons—round, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to go on the infantry in formation. The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmen, who swung tactical superiority in their favour. The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight. The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the English heavy horses. Edward'southward men began to assail the schiltrons, which were notwithstanding able to inflict heavy casualties on the English language cavalry. It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very probable that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen. Gaps in the schiltrons before long appeared, and the English exploited these to trounce the remaining resistance. The Scots lost many men, including John de Graham. Wallace escaped, though his armed services reputation suffered badly.^{[41] [42]}

Past September 1298, Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland in favour of Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick and futurity king, and John Comyn, King John Balliol's nephew.^{[43] [42]}

Details of Wallace's activities subsequently this are vague, but there is some evidence that he left on a mission to the court of King Philip Four of France to plead the case for help in the Scottish struggle for independence. There is a surviving letter from the French king dated 7 November 1300 to his envoys in Rome demanding that they should help Sir William.^[44] Information technology also suggests that Wallace may have intended to travel to Rome, although information technology is not known if he did.^[45] In that location is also a report from an English spy at a meeting of Scottish leaders, where they said Wallace was in France.^[46]

By 1304 Wallace was dorsum in Scotland, and involved in skirmishes at Happrew and Earnside.^[42]

Capture and execution

Wallace evaded capture by the English until v August 1305, when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow. (The site is commemorated by a small monument in the grade of a Celtic cantankerous.^[47]) Letters of rubber carry from Haakon V of Norway, Philip 4 of France and John Balliol, along with other documents, were found in Wallace'south possession and delivered to Edward by John de Segrave.^[48]

Wallace was transported to London, lodged in the business firm of William de Leyrer, then taken to Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason and for atrocities against civilians in state of war, "sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun." He was crowned with a garland of oak to advise he was the rex of outlaws. He responded to the treason charge, "I could non be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his field of study."^{[49] [l]}

Plaque marking the place of Wallace'due south execution

Following the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall to the Tower of London, then stripped naked and dragged through the urban center at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield.^[51] He was hanged, fatigued and quartered—strangled by hanging, but released while he was yet alive, emasculated, eviscerated and his bowels burned before him, beheaded, then cutting into four parts.^[52] His preserved head (dipped in tar) was placed on a thruway atop London Span. Information technology was later joined by the heads of the brothers, John and Simon Fraser. His limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Perth. A plaque unveiled 8 Apr 1956, stands in a wall of St. Bartholomew'southward Hospital most the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield. It includes in Latin the words "Dico tibi verum libertas optima rerum nunquam servili sub nexu vivito fili" (I tell you the truth. Freedom is what is best. Sons, never live life like slaves.), and in Gaelic "Bas Agus Buaidh" (Death and Victory), an one-time Scottish battle cry.^[53]

In 1869, the Wallace Monument was erected, close to the site of his victory at Stirling Span. The Wallace Sword, which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years after, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument.^[54]

In popular civilization

Picture

• A well-known version of Wallace's life is presented in the film Braveheart (1995), directed by and starring Mel Gibson as Wallace, written by Randall Wallace, and filmed in Scotland and Ireland. The film was criticised for many historical inaccuracies.^{[55] [56]}
• In the flick Outlaw King (2018), Robert the Bruce (Chris Pino) is prompted to plan a defection against the English after observing rioting induced by the public display of the quartered trunk of Wallace.^[57]

Literature

• Blind Harry's 15th-century poem has been a major influence on the legend of Wallace, including details similar a wife called Marion Braidfute, and claiming that Wallace killed the Sheriff of Lanark in revenge for the killing of his wife. Still much of this poem is unsubstantiated or at variance with gimmicky sources.
• In 1793 Robert Burns wrote the lyrics to Scots Wha Hae wi Wallace bled.^[58]
• Jane Porter penned a romantic version of the Wallace legend in the historical novel The Scottish Chiefs (1810).^[59]

• In her prize-winning poem of 1819, Wallace's Invocation to Bruce, Felicia Hemans imagines Wallace urging Bruce to continue the struggle for liberty later on defeat at the Battle of Falkirk.
• In 1828, Walter Scott wrote of "The Story of Sir William Wallace" in his Tales of a Grandad (offset series).^[sixty]
• Chiliad. A. Henty wrote a novel nigh this time flow titled In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885). Henty, a producer of and writer for the Boy's Ain Paper story paper, portrays the life of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, The Black Douglas and others, while dovetailing the events of his novel with historical fiction.^[61]
• Nigel Tranter wrote a historical novel titled The Wallace (1975), "admirably free of anything to practise with Braveheart".^[62]
• The Temple and the Rock (1998), a novel by Katherine Kurtz and Deborah Turner Harris, includes a storyline creating a fictional connection between Wallace and Templar Knights.^[63]

Gaming

• Wallace is the subject and protagonist of the tutorial campaign in realtime strategy game Age of Empires 2.^[64]

Beer

• A number of beers are named for Wallace. A brewery in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, makes a Scottish ale named "William Wallace", and Scottish Maclays Brewery had a beer called "Wallace".^[65]

See also

• Auchenbathie Tower – Wallace's Knowe
• Clan Wallace
• Wallace'south Heel Well – an imprint of Wallace's heel in stone
• Wallace's Well – Robroyston, Glasgow

Notes

References

1. ^ "Sir William Wallace, Scottish hero". Britannica.com . Retrieved 18 April 2015.
2. ^ "Info". wallace.scran.ac.u.k.. Archived from the original on xvi May 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
3. ^ Stevenson, Joseph (1841). Documents illustrative of Sir William Wallace: his life and times. Printed for the Maitland club. p. 173. Retrieved 1 September 2013 – via New York Public Library and Internet Archive.
4. ^ "William Wallace (c. 1270–1305)". BBC History. 3 August 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
5. ^ Lübecker Nachrichten, 21. September 2010: The certificate is still kept in the cities archives ^{[ permanent expressionless link ]}
6. ^ Duncan, "William, son of Alan Wallace", pp. 47–50; Grant, "Bravehearts and Coronets", p. 91.
7. ^ The Scottish Wars of Independence: The Lübeck Letter of the alphabet at the National Athenaeum of Scotland website
8. ^ Watson, "Sir William Wallace", p. 27; Duncan, "William, son of Alan Wallace", pp. 51–53; Grant, "Bravehearts and Coronets", pp. ninety–93.
9. ^ Traquair, Peter Freedom's Sword p. 62
10. ^ "Sir William Wallace Of Elderslie". Thesocietyofwilliamwallace.com. Retrieved 26 November 2015.
11. ^ Watson, "Sir William Wallace", p. 27; Grant, "Bravehearts and Coronets", pp. xc–91.
12. ^ Barrow, Kingdom of the Scots, pp. 324–325.
13. ^ Duncan, "William, son of Alan Wallace", p. 53; Grant, "Bravehearts and Coronets", pp. 91–92.
14. ^ McArthur, Tom (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. p. 1105.
15. ^ Black, George Fraser (1943). The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning, and History. New York Public Library. p. 799.
16. ^ "The Old North or Yr Hen Ogledd". The Dandy Courses Daily. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
17. ^ Marshall, Rosalind K. (2003). Scottish Queens, 1034-1714. Tuckwell Press. p. 27.
18. ^ Traquair p. 15
19. ^ Duncan, Archibald Alexander McBeth (2002). The Kingship of the Scots, 842-1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh Academy Press. p. 195. ISBN0748616268.
20. ^ Traquair pp. 23-35
21. ^ Haines, Roy Martin (2003). King Edward II: His Life, His Reign, and Its Backwash, 1284–1330. McGill–Queen's Academy Press. p. 242. ISBN9780773524323.
22. ^ Magnusson, Magnus (2003). Scotland: The Story of a Nation. Grove Printing. p. 121. ISBN9780802139320.
23. ^ Celebrated Environment Scotland. "Battle of Dunbar I (BTL31)". Retrieved 21 August 2020.
24. ^ Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625, Edinburgh, 1899: p. 116
25. ^ Traquair pp. xv–59
26. ^ Fisher, Andrew (2002), William Wallace (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN ane-84158-593-9
27. ^ Lübecker Nachrichten, 21. September 2010: The document is still kept in the city'southward archives.
28. ^ Walter bower, The Scottichronicon
29. ^ Fisher, Andrew (2002), William Wallace (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN i-84158-593-9, p. 278
30. ^ Traquair pp.63–67
31. ^ Traquair pp. 70–73
32. ^ Cornell, David (2009). Bannockburn: The Triumph of Robert the Bruce. Yale Academy Press. p. 28.
33. ^ Relate of Lanercost, ed. H. Maxwell, vol. 1, p. 164.
34. ^ ^{a b} Traquair, p. 76
35. ^ Traquair pp. 77–79
36. ^ Sarah Crome (1999). Scotland's First War of Independence. Sarah Crome. pp. 57–. ISBN978-0-9536316-0-5.
37. ^ Traquair p. 79
38. ^ "Scottish Historical Figures: Sir William Wallace". Scotsmart.com. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 4 Apr 2010.
39. ^ Prebble, John The Lion in the North
40. ^ Watson, Fiona (1998). Under the Hammer: Edward I and Scotland. Tuckwell Press. pp. 88ff.
41. ^ ^{a b} Scott (1989), ch. 5
42. ^ ^{a b c d} de Hemingburgh, Walter (1957). Rothwell, Harry (ed.). The relate of Walter of Guisborough. London: Royal Historical Guild.
43. ^ Scott (1989), ch. 6
44. ^ "Special delivery as William Wallace letter heads for Scotland". Herald & Times Group. Glasgow. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 22 Dec 2011.
45. ^ "Delight every bit 700-yr-old letter linked to legendary patriot William Wallace returns to Scotland". The Daily Record. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
46. ^ Barrow, One thousand.W.S. Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Edinburgh. pp. 140–141.
47. ^ "Heart Spy Glasgow: the cross in Robroyston that marks the spot where William Wallace was betrayed". Glasgow Times. two Jan 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
48. ^ Barrow, G.Due west., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, EUP (2005), 452 n. 48: Palgrave, Francis, ed., Documents and Records illustrating the history of Scotland, and the transactions between the Crowns of Scotland and England, vol. 1, (1837), p. cxcv, citing Bishop Stapleton's Kalendar of Treasury documents preserved in London, 1323: Palgrave, Francis, ed., Antient Kalendars and Inventories of the Treasury of His Majesty's Exchequer: Bishop Stapleton'southward calendar, vol. 2 (1836) p. 134, item 46.
49. ^ Solis, Gary (2010). The law of armed conflict: international humanitarian police in state of war . Cambridge University Press. p. six. ISBN978-0-521-87088-seven.
50. ^ Goldstone, Richard; Smith, Adam (2009). International Judicial Institutions (Global Institutions) . Routledge. p. 31. ISBN978-0-415-77645-five.
51. ^ Stevenson, Joseph, ed., Documents Illustrative of Sir William Wallace, Maitland Club (1841), pp. 189, 192
52. ^ Traquair, p. 124
53. ^ "St Bartholomew's Hospital – Sir William Wallace".
54. ^ "Scottish Wars of Independence". BBC Scotland . Retrieved 4 September 2013.
55. ^ White, Caroline. "The 10 most historically inaccurate movies". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
56. ^ BBC. Bitesize. Eight blockbuster films that got history wrong. Retrieved on September 29, 2021
57. ^ "Chris Pine underwhelms in 'The Outlaw King'". Detroit Gratis Press. ix Nov 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
58. ^ Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite politics in eighteenth-century Britain and Ireland
59. ^ Morton, Graeme (2012). "The Social Memory of Jane Porter and her Scottish Chiefs". The Scottish Historical Review. 91 (232): 311–35. doi:10.3366/shr.2012.0104. JSTOR 43773920.
60. ^ Scott, Walter (1851). Tales of a Grandfather. Edinburgh: Robert Cadell. p. v.
61. ^ Roberts, Peter H. (2007). "A New Historic period of Discovery: Republic of india, the Centre East and Britain". Middle Eastern Studies. 43 (two): 321–thirty. doi:ten.1080/00263200601114190. S2CID 144623036.
62. ^ Royle, Trevor (10 Jan 2000). "Nigel Tranter: Novelist and patriot with a beloved of Scottish history and compages". The Guardian . Retrieved 20 April 2018.
63. ^ "The Temple and the Rock". Kirkus Reviews . Retrieved 29 March 2017.
64. ^ "Info". www.gamespot.com. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
65. ^ Kaufman, Alex (2011). "Robert de Bruce and William Wallace". In Matheson, Lister M. (ed.). Icons of the Middle Ages: Rulers, Writers, Rebels, and Saints. Vol. 1. Greenwood. pp. 107–142.

Bibliography

• Barrow, G.W.S. (2005) [1989]. Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306. The New History of Scotland. Vol. 2 (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN0748620222.
• Barrow, Chiliad.W.Southward. (1976), Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland (second ed.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN0-85224-307-iii
• Barrow, One thousand.W.South. (2003), The Kingdom of the Scots: Government, Church and Society from the eleventh to the fourteenth century (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Printing, ISBN0-7486-1803-1
• Brown, Chris (2005), William Wallace. The True Story of Braveheart , Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd, ISBN0-7524-3432-2
• Brown, Michael (2004), The Wars of Scotland 1214–1371, The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, vol. iv, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ISBN0-7486-1238-half dozen
• Clater-Roszak, Christine (1997). "Sir William Wallace ignited a flame". Military History. 14: 12–15.
• Cowan, Edward J. (2003), 'For Freedom Alone': The Proclamation of Arbroath, 1320, West Linton: Tuckwell Press, ISBN1-84158-632-3
• Cowan, Edward J.; Finlay, Richard J., eds. (2002), Scottish History: The Power of the By, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Printing, ISBN0-7486-1420-6
• Cowan, Edward J., ed. (2007), The Wallace Book, Edinburgh: John Donald, ISBN978-0-85976-652-four
• Cowan, Edward J. (2007), "William Wallace: 'The Choice of the Estates'", in Cowan, Edward J. (ed.), The Wallace Book, Edinburgh: John Donald, pp. ix–25, ISBN978-0-85976-652-4
• Duncan, A.A.One thousand. (2007), "William, Son of Alan Wallace: The Documents", in Cowan, Edward J. (ed.), The Wallace Book, Edinburgh: John Donald, pp. 42–63, ISBN978-0-85976-652-four
• Fisher, Andrew (2002), William Wallace (2nd ed.), Edinburgh: Birlinn, ISBN1-84158-593-9
• Fraser, James E. (2002), "'A Swan from a Raven': William Wallace, Brucean Propaganda and Gesta Annalia Two", The Scottish Historical Review, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Printing, LXXXI (1): i–22, doi:10.3366/shr.2002.81.1.one, hdl:20.500.11820/e9d658e4-8652-4841-ab0a-f1c842e3af91, ISSN 0036-9241
• Grant, Alexander (2007), "Bravehearts and Coronets: Images of William Wallace and the Scottish Nobility", in Cowan, Edward J. (ed.), The Wallace Book, Edinburgh: John Donald, pp. 86–106, ISBN978-0-85976-652-4
• Rex, Elspeth (2007), "The Material Culture of William Wallace", in Cowan, Edward J. (ed.), The Wallace Book, Edinburgh: John Donald, pp. 117–135, ISBN978-0-85976-652-4
• Mackay, James (2012), William Wallace: Dauntless Heart , Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing, ISBN9781851588237
• H. Maxwell, ed. (1913). The Chronicle of Lanercost 1272–1346.
• Prestwich, Michael (2007), "The Battle of Stirling Bridge: An English Perspective", in Cowan, Edward J. (ed.), The Wallace Volume, Edinburgh: John Donald, pp. 64–76, ISBN978-0-85976-652-iv
• Morton, Graeme (2004). William Wallace. London: Sutton. ISBN0-7509-3523-five.
• Sociology, Myths and Legends of Great britain. London: Reader's Digest Clan. 1973. pp. 519–520.
• Reese, Peter (1998). William Wallace: A Biography. Edinburgh: Canongate. ISBN0-86241-607-8.
• Riddy, Felicity (2007). Cowan, Edward J. (ed.). "Unmapping the Territory: Blind Hary's Wallace". The Wallace Volume. Edinburgh: John Donald: 107–116. ISBN978-0-85976-652-four.
• Scott, Ronald McNair (1989). Robert the Bruce . New York: Peter Bedrick Books. ISBN9780872263208.
• Scott, Sir Walter. Exploits and decease of William Wallace, the 'Hero of Scotland'
• Stead, Michael J.; Young, Alan (2002). In the Footsteps of William Wallace. London: Sutton.
• Stevenson, Joseph, ed. (1841). 'Documents Illustrative of Sir William Wallace. Maitland Club.
• Traquair, Peter (1998), Liberty's Sword, University of Virginia: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, ISBN1570982473
• Watson, Fiona (2007). Cowan, Edward J. (ed.). "Sir William Wallace: What We Do – and Don't – Know". The Wallace Book. Edinburgh: John Donald: 26–41. ISBN978-0-85976-652-four.

External links

• Wallace and Bruce
• The Lübeck letter
• Wallace messages to go on show
• Portraits of Sir William Wallace at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Wallace & Gromit's Grand Adventures Steam Key,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wallace

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